YOU ARE NOW CONNECTED TO THE TOXLINE (1981 FORWARD, NON-ROYALTY) FILE. ==YTTRIUM HEALTH & SAFETY== 2 AUTHOR NEIZVESTNOVA EM AUTHOR GREKHOVA TD AUTHOR PRIVALOVA LI AUTHOR BABAKOVA OM AUTHOR KONOVALOVA NE AUTHOR PETELINA EV TITLE Problem of hygienic regulation of yttrium fluorides, terbium, ytterbium and lutetium in the air of workplace. SOURCE MEDITSINA TRUDA I PROMYSHLENNAYA EKOLOGIYA; 0 (7). 1994. 32-35. ABSTRACT BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The study (experiments on animals and on culture of rats' peritoneal macrophages) covered fluorides of rare-earth metals (REM) assigned to yttrium group - yttrium, terbium, ytterbium, lutecium. Fluorides of REM have low toxicity and cumulativity, induce no local irritation of skin and eyes. Fluorides of yttrium, terbium and lutecium, if administered into stomach, result in specific intoxication (fluorosis). Fluoride of ytterbium did not cause such intoxication. According to short-term tests of cytotoxicity, the foreseeable fibrogenic danger for ytterbium fluoride is moderate, for fluorides of yttrium, terbium and lutecium is mild. The authors recommend to control the level of yttrium, terbium and lutecium fluorides in the air of workplace through the MACs for the fluorides at 2.5 mg/cu m (maximal single concentration) and 0.5 mg/cu m (average shift concentration), the level of ytterbium fluoride as moderate fibrogenic dust at 6 mg/cu m. 1 AUTHOR KARAVAIKO GI AUTHOR KAREVA AS AUTHOR AVAKIAN ZA AUTHOR ZAKHAROVA VI AUTHOR KORENEVSKY AA TITLE Biosorption of scandium and yttrium from solutions. SOURCE BIOTECHNOLOGY LETTERS; 18 (11). 1996. 1291-1296. ABSTRACT BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The usage of biosorbents allows separation of scandium and yttrium from each other and from Fe, Al, Ti, Si, and Ca in hydrometallurgical processing of ores and wastes. It was shown that sorption of scandium and yttrium increased with the increase in pH of solution. Initial rate of scandium sorption depended on the biomass type; however 85-98% of scandium was sorbed within 10-30 min with most biomass types tested. The presence of aluminum, iron (III), and titanium in the solution inhibited sorption of scandium and particularly yttrium. After four cycles of sorption, 98.8% of scandium and 87% of yttrium was extracted from red mud leach solution by the biomass of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus terreus, respectively. Selectivity of the process of scandium and yttrium recovery could be achieved during sorption and also desorption, when solubilization of sorbed associated elements was inhibited by high pH values. 1 AUTHOR ANON TITLE Yttrium and compounds SOURCE Noticias de seguridad July 1995, Vol.57, No.7. 4p. Insert. ABSTRACT Chemical safety card published by the Consejo Interamericano de Seguridad, 33 Park Place, Englewood, NJ 07631, USA. Health hazards: irritation of the respiratory tract; lung diseases; pulmonary oedema; hepatic damage; eye and corneal damage. 2 AUTHOR OGAWA Y AUTHOR SUZUKI S AUTHOR NAITO K AUTHOR SAITO M AUTHOR KAMATA E AUTHOR HIROSE A AUTHOR KANEKO T AUTHOR CHIBA M AUTHOR INABA Y AUTHOR KUROKAWA Y TITLE Studies on the biological effects of yttrium: Effects of repeated oral administration tests in rats. SOURCE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH; 40 (4). 1994. 374-382. ABSTRACT BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. In order to elucidate the series of the biological effect of the rare earth elements, a 28-d repeated oral administration test was conducted in Slc: Wistar rats of each sex by gavage at doses of 0, 40, 200 or 1000 mg/kg/d of YCl3 6H2O with the pair feeding group. Additionally two more groups (0 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg) of both sexes were maintained for a 14-d recovery period after the 28-d administration. Body weight and food consumption were measured, and hematological, serum-biochemical and histopathological examination were performed. The concentrations of yttrium and essential elements in organs were determined by ICP-MS or ICP-AES. These overall data on yttrium were compared with our previous study on lanthanum performed by the same protocol. The results were as follows. 1 The number of eosinophilic leucocytes increased in rats of both sexes dose-dependently. 2 At a dose of 1000 mg/kg, hyperkeratosis in the forestomach of both sexes, eosinophilic leucocyte infiltration in the submucosa of the stomach of both sexes, erosion and dilatation of gastric gland of the glandular stomach in males, and swelling of the glandular stomach epithelium in females were found. These results suggest that yttrium is irritant to the stomach mucosa. 3 At doses higher than 200 mg/kg, a significant decrease of the serum cholinesterase activity was observed in females. 4 At the 1000 mg/kg lanthanum-dosed rats of our previous study, the serum transaminase activity increased in both sexes. On the other hand, there were no changes between control and yttrium-dosed rats. 5 Yttrium was accumulated in the kidney, femur, liver and spleen, in a dose-dependent manner. 6 The highest accumulation of yttrium was found in the kidney. According to the previous lanthanum study, the highest accumulation of lanthanum was observed in the liver. 7 The total amount of yttrium accumulation in rats was about 50 times as much as that of lanthanum. 8 The sex-dependent differences were observed in terms of the irritating reaction of the stomach mucosa, the reduction of the serum cholinesterase activity and the accumulation of yttrium in the kidney. 9 These results show that yttrium could be absorbed through the digestive tract. 10 Iron concentrations in the liver, kidney and spleen, and barium and strontium concentrations in the femur were dose-dependently de- creased in both sexes of yttrium - treated rats. Both yttrium and lanthanum are classified as rare earth elements and the present study revealed that the biological effects of yttrium were very similar to those of lanthanum except the accumulating patterns and volumes. On the other hand, in contrast to the fact that lanthanum was hepatotoxic compound, yttrium had no effect on liver, which seems to be due to the difference of their accumulating patterns. 2 AUTHOR Hirano S AUTHOR Kodama N AUTHOR Shibata K AUTHOR Suzuki KT TITLE Metabolism and toxicity of intravenously injected yttrium chloride in rats. SOURCE Toxicol Appl Pharmacol; VOL 121, ISS 2, 1993, P224-32 ABSTRACT Although radioactive yttrium (Y) has been used for medical treatment, little attention has been directed toward the toxicity of Y. We report time-course and dose-related changes in tissue distribution, subcellular localization, clearance, and acute toxicity of iv-injected yttrium chloride (YCl3) in rats. Intravenously injected Y was predominantly distributed to plasma in the blood. At doses more than 0.2 mg Y/rat, most plasma Y appears to be in colloidal material which was composed of proteins and some minerals. Electron microscopic analyses revealed that the colloidal material was taken up by phagocytic cells in the liver and spleen. The liver Y was slowly cleared with a half-time of 144 days at a dose of 1 mg Y/rat. Glutamic-oxaloacetic and glutamic-pyruvate transaminase activities in blood plasma were increased with a peak at 20 hr postinjection at a dose of 1 mg Y/rat and returned to their control values at 170 hr postinjection, indicating that iv-injected YCl3 caused acute hepatic injury. Some of the plasma Ca was translocated to the colloidal material and plasma Ca concentration was increased transiently following injection of YCl3, probably because of resorption of bone. At a dose of 1 mg Y/rat, a significant and tremendous amount of Ca was deposited in the liver (over 10-fold) and spleen (over 100-fold), while Ca concentration was only slightly increased in the lung and kidney (less than 1.5-fold). These results indicate that the liver and spleen are primary target organs of iv-injected YCl3.