YOU ARE NOW CONNECTED TO THE TOXLINE (1981 FORWARD, NON-ROYALTY) FILE. ==PROSTATE NEOPLASMS== 10 AUTHOR Holyoke ED AUTHOR Block GE AUTHOR Jensen E AUTHOR Sizemore GW AUTHOR Heath H AUTHOR Chu TM AUTHOR Murphy GP AUTHOR Mittelman A AUTHOR Ruddon RW AUTHOR Arnott MS TITLE Biologic markers in cancer diagnosis and treatment. SOURCE Curr Probl Cancer; VOL 6, ISS 2, 1981, P1-68 (REF: 245) ABSTRACT We have reviewed several tumor markers that our advocates feel are now clinically useful, involve current assay technology, and are based on already available information. These include, in selected instances, estrogen receptors for breast cancer, thyrocalcitonin for medullary cancer of the thyroid, prostatic acid phosphatase for cancer of the prostate, alpha-fetoprotein for hepatocellular cancer, and carcinoembryonic antigen for monitoring colon cancer. We have considered the potential use of measurement of serum proteases and protein degradation products due to their activity as possible future areas of development, and we have explored measurement of tissue aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase to identify populations at risk of cancer resulting from chemical carcinogenesis. It is clear that the study of tumor markers is already improving patient care in some specific areas and offers exciting potential for the future. 14 AUTHOR Joensuu TK AUTHOR Blomqvist CP AUTHOR Kajanti MJ TITLE Primary radiation therapy in the treatment of localized prostatic cancer. SOURCE Acta Oncol; VOL 34, ISS 2, 1995, P183-91 (REF: 117) ABSTRACT Prostatic carcinoma is one of the leading causes of male cancer deaths. However, the routine diagnostic and therapeutic strategies have not yet been established. Although the outcome of surgical and radiotherapeutical approaches has frequently been reported to be comparable, the profile of side effects is different. This could offer the basis for selecting the treatment of choice in individual cases. During the last decade the radiotherapeutical technique has markedly improved, in part due to the achievements in the field of computer assisted tomography planning and conformal technique; the outcome of side-effects has decreased with concurrent increase in the rate of local control. The prescribing, recording and reporting of irradiation have also recently developed, as well as the staging of the disease. Therefore we consider it timely to review progress in this subject and to emphasize the role of radiotherapy in the treatment of localized prostatic cancer. 15 AUTHOR Lee WR AUTHOR Giantonio B AUTHOR Hanks GE TITLE Prostate cancer. SOURCE Curr Probl Cancer; VOL 18, ISS 6, 1994, P295-357 (REF: 214) ABSTRACT Prostate cancer is the most common noncutaneous malignancy diagnosed in American men, and in 1994 it will pass lung cancer as the most common cancer diagnosed in the United States, with an estimated 200,000 new cases. The molecular biology of prostate carcinogenesis is rapidly advancing, and it is clear that, to a degree, prostate cancer is a heritable disease. The use of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as a screening tool has been widely accepted by the medical community, although the evidence to support the efficacy of screening is not yet available. The curative approaches to organ-confined, clinically localized prostate cancer include radiation therapy, radical prostatectomy, and close observation in selected patients. The absence of well-designed clinical trials contributes to the confusion surrounding which curative treatment is the best option in individual patients. The standard approach to patients with evidence of extracapsular spread without distant metastases has been external-beam radiotherapy, although the results with radiation therapy alone in these patients has left considerable room for improvement. Innovative combined-modality approaches are currently being investigated at a number of institutions for these poor-prognosis patients. Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy is currently being investigated at multiple institutions and offers some hope for improved results. The treatment of metastatic disease remains hormonal manipulation, although the exact nature of optimal androgen deprivation is currently a matter of considerable debate. In patients with hormone-refractory disease newer regimens using novel chemotherapy regimens offer some promise. 27 AUTHOR Gormley GJ TITLE Chemoprevention strategies for prostate cancer: the role of 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors. SOURCE J Cell Biochem Suppl; VOL 16H, 1992, P113-7 (REF: 34) ABSTRACT Prostate cancer is a major health problem for the aging male population. Despite hormonal dependence, the inevitable emergence of androgen insensitive tumors, which have a dismal prognosis, highlights the need to develop prevention strategies such as chemoprevention. An acceptable agent must interfere with either the process of carcinogenesis or tumor growth, and have minimal toxicity. In clinical studies, 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors have been shown to suppress serum and intraprostatic levels of dihydrotestosterone, an important promoter of prostate cancer, leading to reduction in prostate size and suppression of glandular cell activity as measured by prostate specific antigen secretion. In addition, 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors have demonstrated an excellent safety profile and tolerability in 12 month controlled clinical trials. No significant metabolic effects have been observed in gonadotropin secretion, spermatogenesis, serum lipids or glucose tolerance. The efficacy and safety of 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors in studies to date, combined with the androgen dependence of tumor production, strongly supports investigating their use for chemoprevention of prostate cancer. 8 AUTHOR Isurugi K TITLE [Clinical application of KM 2210 (estradiol-chlorambucil) in patients with advanced prostatic carcinoma] SOURCE Gan No Rinsho; VOL 30, ISS 7, 1984, P810-8 ABSTRACT KM 2210, a combination product of 17 beta-estradiol and chlorambucil, was administered to 15 patients with advanced (stage C and D) prostatic carcinoma. We studied the clinical efficacy and the drug concentration in the blood and prostatic tissues. The administered doses were 100 mg or 150 mg p.o., in 2 or 3 divided doses/day (or every other day in a few cases) for periods ranging from 30 to 369 days; the maximum total dose was 42.5 g. Objective clinical responses, according to the criteria by Shida et al., were observed in 6 (40%) patients. Side effects included gastrointestinal symptoms, e.g. loss of appetite or nausea, anemia and leukopenia. No obvious hepatic disorder was observed. 4 AUTHOR Soloway MS TITLE Newer methods of hormonal therapy for prostate cancer. SOURCE Urology; VOL 24, ISS 5 Suppl, 1984, P30-8 ABSTRACT At least 80 per cent of prostatic tumors exhibit some degree of hormone responsiveness. The preferred method of hormonal alteration has yet to be determined because new agents are currently undergoing clinical trials. The compounds tested have included cyproterone acetate, a progestational agent; flutamide, an antiandrogen that blocks the DHT-receptor complex in the tumor cell; and aminoglutethimide, which inhibits adrenal steroid production and, therefore, might further lower the level of circulating androgen following bilateral orchiectomy. The introduction of potent, synthetic analogues of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) has provided another method of reducing the level of circulating androgen. A recent report on the efficacy of one of these analogues--leuprolide--in men with newly diagnosed metastatic prostatic cancer has revealed an initial response rate of 76 per cent (4% complete remissions, 32% partial remissions, and 40% stable) using National Prostatic Cancer Project criteria.